Banking on Europe

The European Union (EU)’s small, balanced budget is commonly considered to be one of the most important constraints on the Union’s powers. However, the EU has always borrowed, and it is now borrowing on the scale of a large state to aid member states’ economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and...

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Bibliographic Details

Main Authors:	Hodson, Dermot, Howarth, David, Spielberger, Lukas, Mugnai, Iacopo
Format:	Online
Language:	English
Published:	Oxford University Press 2026
Subjects:	European integration European Union budget Sovereign-style borrowing Debt management European Commission European Investment Bank European Bank for Reconstruction and Development European Stability Mechanism Recovery and Resilience Facility Accountability thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPS International relations thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government
Online Access:	https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/111396
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